How can biofilms enhance biological treatment efficiency?

Biofilms enhance biological treatment efficiency primarily because they provide surfaces for microorganisms to attach and grow. In wastewater treatment processes, biofilms are composed of a complex aggregation of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, that adhere to surfaces such as rocks, filters, or other substrates. This attachment is critical because it allows for a stable and diverse community of microorganisms to develop, which can effectively break down organic matter and pollutants present in wastewater.

The presence of biofilms leads to an increased surface area for microbial activity, thereby improving the efficiency of the biological treatment process. The microorganisms within the biofilm can act synergistically, improving the degradation of organic compounds and enhancing nutrient removal. This clustering helps in creating a microenvironment conducive to the biochemical processes necessary for effective wastewater treatment. As a result, the overall treatment efficiency is significantly enhanced.